“So be good for goodness’ sake…”
I do not believe good should be rewarded, or evil punished. To explain this belief, I must establish my ideas on the nature of good and evil. How do we know whether something is good or evil? God? Humans? So what if anyone decides they are right? If one were to say that God would know better simply because they are all powerful would be to say that might makes right. We cannot know what God thinks however (if god exists,) and so we are left to our own devices. If we still go with the assumption that might makes right, we come up with a dilemma. Suppose a society in which slavery is in practice. The enslaved people have been wronged; their freedom taken away, the fruit of their forced labor taken from them, stripped of their rights. In this relationship, the slavers have all the power. In this society, it would be considered wrong for slaves to run away, and those who do, or those who defend their people from abuse would be considered by the more powerful group to be evil. Yet in the eyes of the slaves, their oppressors would be party to the wrongdoing at place, and that wrongdoing would be their enslavement. So if one day, one of the slavers attempted to take a child from a family of lower social standing than them, and the slaves were to attempt to defend themselves from harm, in the eyes of the more powerful group they would be considered to have been guilty of wrongdoing. And yet, neither group would be entirely wrong. In order to defend themselves from harm, they would have to commit harm themselves. Does this make them evil because they have less power?
In a world where no concept of good or evil can be determined to be right or wrong, punishment and reward must be applied indiscriminately to all. All would be good, and all would be evil. All must be rewarded, and all must be punished. This does not work. If righteousness is determined by power, such a system might work. There is the saying “history is written by victors”. This implies that how things are remembered are determined by the winners, but human perception would not be what decides the truth. History is an interpretation, and as such is subjective.
To reward good and punish evil, and for it to be an equitable and just system, it would necessitate the existence of an objective truth, a true good and evil. But as this truth remains unknowable, this leaves us with a world where what is ethical and good cannot be determined by humans. How does one live in such a world? We all come to our own conclusions, and people will always have different ideas on what is ethical, and what is not. These ideas being on what is good and what is not, will inevitably lead to a belief in people that they are right, and as such, everyone else must follow the same rules and beliefs they do, because of course in their head they are right. They will attempt to impose their ideas on others, even if the others have different ideas.
Given that no moral or ethical system has been determined to be objectively correct, they would only be suppressing the will of another person. Those who impose their ideas on others will one day wrong those who disagree. To defend themselves, the opposition will do the same. The side that has committed the greater of the two wrongdoings will have won the battle (whatever type of battle it may be: political, physical, social, etc.) The victor, in their own eyes, will have been righteous and done an act of good. The defeated party, in their own eyes, will have also been righteous and done an act of good, having defended their idea of justice even in the case of defeat. If no objective good is determined, they are both correct. Who then, has committed the greatest evil of all? It is in such a world where I believe the bystanders have committed the greatest evil, as they have wronged themselves. Instead of living with their beliefs and ideas, they did nothing and allowed someone else to impose their own ideas and beliefs on them. The bystanders, in their own eyes, will have done nothing to defend what they believe to be good. At this point, they will no longer be living their own lives, but be living the lives of their conquerors. They will not think for themselves, or choose for themselves. To not live for yourself is to strip yourself of your own will, and makes you no different than an animal or a tool. To erase one’s own humanity and become no more than a cog in the machine is the greatest evil of all.
This brings to mind “original sin,” or the story of genesis. Adam & Eve ate the fruit of knowledge, and came to know good and evil. With knowledge, we have ideas on what is right, and what is wrong. We impose those ideas on others and create rules, and we end up with societal norms. These rules do not always encourage free thought and action, and restrict our will. This is because after a long enough time living with any rule, people will eventually no longer even think to break the rule, or consider that it may be broken. Even from a young age, we are taught to respect authority, and obey orders. To listen to teachers, to parents, to not break the law. In following blindly without thinking, we nullify the value of our own humanity. Another thing brought to mind is the Milgram experiment. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of authority on people’s willingness to follow orders from those perceived to have authority or prestige. The experiments were designed to explain the psychology of genocide. How could seemingly normal people, most of whom would consider killing to be bad, take part in genocide? They measured the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts against their personal conscience. They were led to believe they were assisting a learning experiment, where they had to apply shocks to a learner. These fake electric shocks went up all the way to levels that would have been considered to be lethal. They found that all participants went up to 300 volts, and 65% of participants went all the way to 450 volts when in the presence of an authority figure. In their own eyes, the participants have committed evil, going against their conscience. (until they are told of the true nature of the experiment) If people were this willing to have such a direct part in following unethical orders, why then would anyone taught to respect authority refuse orders as a much smaller part of something larger, such as an army? That is how genocide became possible. Lack of critical thinking, and allowing someone else’s will to be imposed on them. This is what permitted the occurrence of many of what are widely considered some of the most evil actions in history, throughout the history of civilization. People should act ethically even if they will be punished because the majority of people do not believe in harming others, and a safer, more peaceful world would be possible if everyone acted towards that goal. It is not about being right, but it is about not being blind.
God may seem to punish a good man in the case of Job, but I do not believe it is a punishment. Punishment is the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense, but God himself does not consider Job to have committed any offense and this means that applying the term ‘punishment’ to Job’s suffering is inaccurate. It only seems like a punishment to our eyes, as we attempt to apply our ideas of good and evil to the situation, where it is commonly thought that evil should be punished. But God had a larger, different purpose in all this that is not understood or known by humans. In a way, God is a stand-in or equivalent to the universe. In this world, sometimes unfair things happen, where the good may suffer, while the evil may enjoy luck and good life. In this random world which does not always fit neatly into our preconceptions and beliefs. God’s beliefs are unknowable, so, too, is the universal objectively true definition of good and evil may be. Suffering and reward are applied indiscriminately, randomly, and to all people. There is no punishment or reward for good and evil, and only the value we put into them.